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中国沙漠 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 96-108.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00197

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降雨量和土壤氮含量对半干旱沙质草地生产力的影响

张晶(), 左小安(), 吕朋   

  1. 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-23 修回日期:2025-07-10 出版日期:2025-07-20 发布日期:2025-08-18
  • 通讯作者: 左小安
  • 作者简介:张晶(1988—),女,甘肃榆中人,博士,主要从事生态政策、恢复生态学等方面的研究。E-mail: zhangj@llas.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家草业技术创新中心(筹)重大创新平台建设专项(CCPTZX2024WT01);国家自然科学基金项目(42477512);国家自然科学基金项目(42307586)

Effects of soil nitrogen content and rainfall on vegetation productivity in semi-arid sandy grassland

Jing Zhang(), Xiaoan Zuo(), Peng Lv   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,China
  • Received:2025-05-23 Revised:2025-07-10 Online:2025-07-20 Published:2025-08-18
  • Contact: Xiaoan Zuo

摘要:

降雨变化与氮添加显著影响半干旱区草地生态系统的结构与功能。为揭示二者对植被群落特征、土壤理化性质的影响及其对生物量的调控机制,本研究以科尔沁沙地沙质草地为对象,于2021年和2022年开展野外模拟控制试验,设置4种降雨处理:5—9月减雨60%(-60%)、增雨60%(+60%);5—6月减雨100%(-60d)、增雨100%(+60d)与氮添加处理(全年施氮总量为20 g·m-²),系统分析生长季内生态因子的响应规律。结果表明:降雨变化和氮添加在不同年份对群落结构、多样性指数及土壤理化性质产生了显著影响。减雨处理显著降低植被盖度,增加物种密度,且生长季前期的极端干旱(-60d)对地上生物量的抑制作用强于整个生长季减雨(-60%)。氮添加显著提高植被盖度和地上/地下生物量,但同时降低了物种丰富度,强化了资源竞争,促使优势种扩张,进而导致群落多样性下降、均匀度降低、优势度上升。在土壤方面,氮添加引发土壤酸化,导致黏粉粒下降。干旱条件下,具耐旱或避旱特性、个体较大的优势种逐步占据主导地位,推动群落生物量提升;而氮添加则通过增强植被盖度与高度进一步促进生物量积累。降雨变化与氮添加共同重塑了植被结构、资源竞争格局与土壤理化过程,深刻影响了半干旱沙质草地生物量的形成机制。

关键词: 半干旱沙质草地, 降雨变化, 氮添加, 生物量

Abstract:

Rainfall variation and nitrogen addition significantly influenced the structure and function of grassland ecosystems in semi-arid regions. To elucidate their effects on vegetation community characteristics, soil physicochemical properties, and the regulatory mechanisms underlying biomass formation, a field-controlled experiment was conducted in the sandy grassland of the Horqin Sandy Land during 2021 and 2022. Four rainfall treatments were applied during the growing season (May to September): a 60% reduction (-60%) and a 60% increase (+60%) in precipitation. To further assess the effects of early-season extreme drought, two additional treatments were established: a 100% reduction for 60 days (-60d) and a 100% increase for 60 days (+60d) from May to June. A nitrogen addition treatment (20 g·m-2 per year) was also included. The results revealed that changes in precipitation and nitrogen addition had significant but temporally inconsistent impacts on community structure, biodiversity indices, and soil physicochemical attributes. Rainfall reduction notably decreased vegetation cover and increased species density. Among the drought treatments, early-season extreme drought (-60d) imposed a stronger suppressive effect on aboveground biomass than whole-season rainfall reduction (-60%). Nitrogen addition significantly enhanced vegetation cover and both above- and belowground biomass. However, it also reduced species richness, intensified interspecific competition, and facilitated the dominance of competitive species, resulting in decreased community diversity, lower evenness, and increased dominance. With respect to soil responses, nitrogen addition induced soil acidification, leading to a reduction in clay particle content. Under drought conditions, species with drought-tolerant or drought-avoiding traits and larger individuals became dominant, thereby enhancing community biomass. Nitrogen addition further promoted biomass accumulation by increasing vegetation cover and plant height. Overall, rainfall variability and nitrogen enrichment jointly reshaped vegetation structure, altered resource competition dynamics, and modified soil physicochemical processes, thereby exerting profound effects on the biomass formation mechanisms in semi-arid sandy grasslands.

Key words: semi-arid sandy grassland, rainfall variability, nitrogen addition, biomass

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